Harrison's Manual of Medicine
MITRAL STENOSIS (MS)
ETIOLOGY
Most commonly rheumatic, though history of acute rheumatic fever is now uncommon; rare causes include congenital MS and severe calcification of the mitral annulus with extension onto the leaflets.
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Citation
Kasper, Dennis L., et al., editors. "MITRAL STENOSIS (MS)." Harrison's Manual of Medicine, 20th ed., McGraw Hill Inc., 2020. harrisons.unboundmedicine.com/harrisons/view/Harrisons-Manual-of-Medicine/623309/all/MITRAL_STENOSIS__MS_.
MITRAL STENOSIS (MS). In: Kasper DLD, Fauci ASA, Hauser SLS, et al, eds. Harrison's Manual of Medicine. McGraw Hill Inc.; 2020. https://harrisons.unboundmedicine.com/harrisons/view/Harrisons-Manual-of-Medicine/623309/all/MITRAL_STENOSIS__MS_. Accessed July 22, 2025.
MITRAL STENOSIS (MS). (2020). In Kasper, D. L., Fauci, A. S., Hauser, S. L., Longo, D. L., Jameson, J. L., & Loscalzo, J. (Eds.), Harrison's Manual of Medicine (20th ed.). McGraw Hill Inc.. https://harrisons.unboundmedicine.com/harrisons/view/Harrisons-Manual-of-Medicine/623309/all/MITRAL_STENOSIS__MS_
MITRAL STENOSIS (MS) [Internet]. In: Kasper DLD, Fauci ASA, Hauser SLS, Longo DLD, Jameson JLJ, Loscalzo JJ, editors. Harrison's Manual of Medicine. McGraw Hill Inc.; 2020. [cited 2025 July 22]. Available from: https://harrisons.unboundmedicine.com/harrisons/view/Harrisons-Manual-of-Medicine/623309/all/MITRAL_STENOSIS__MS_.
* Article titles in AMA citation format should be in sentence-case
TY - ELEC
T1 - MITRAL STENOSIS (MS)
ID - 623309
ED - Jameson,J Larry,
ED - Loscalzo,Joseph,
ED - Kasper,Dennis L,
ED - Fauci,Anthony S,
ED - Hauser,Stephen L,
ED - Longo,Dan L,
BT - Harrison's Manual of Medicine
UR - https://harrisons.unboundmedicine.com/harrisons/view/Harrisons-Manual-of-Medicine/623309/all/MITRAL_STENOSIS__MS_
PB - McGraw Hill Inc.
ET - 20
DB - Harrison's Manual of Medicine
DP - Unbound Medicine
ER -
