HYPONATREMIA

This is defined as a serum [Na+] <135 mmol/L and is among the most common electrolyte abnormalities encountered in hospitalized pts. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, confusion, lethargy, and disorientation; if severe (<120 mmol/L) and/or abrupt, seizures, central herniation, coma, or death may result (see Acute Symptomatic Hyponatremia, below). Hyponatremia is almost always the result of an increase in circulating AVP and/or increased renal sensitivity to AVP; a notable exception is in the setting of low solute intake (“beer potomania”), wherein a markedly reduced urinary solute excretion is inadequate to support the excretion of sufficient free H2O. The serum [Na+] by itself does not yield diagnostic information regarding total-body Na+ content; hyponatremia is primarily a disorder of H2O homeostasis. Pts with hyponatremia are thus categorized diagnostically into three groups, depending on their clinical volume status: hypovolemic, euvolemic, and hypervolemic hyponatremia (Fig. 1-1). All three forms of hyponatremia share an exaggerated, “nonosmotic” increase in circulating AVP, in the setting of reduced serum osmolality. Notably, hyponatremia is often multifactorial; clinically important nonosmotic stimuli that can cause a release of AVP and increase the risk of hyponatremia include drugs, pain, nausea, and strenuous exercise.

FIGURE 1-1
hmom20_ch1_f001.png
The diagnostic approach to hyponatremia. See text for details. (Reprinted from Kumar S, Berl T: Diseases of water metabolism. In: Atlas of Diseases of the Kidney, Vol I, Schrier RW [ed]. Philadelphia, Current Medicine, Inc, 1999; with permission.)

Laboratory investigation of a pt with hyponatremia should include a measurement of serum osmolality to exclude “pseudohyponatremia” due to hyperlipidemia or hyperproteinemia. Serum glucose also should be measured; serum [Na+] falls by approximately 1.4 mM for every 100-mg/dL increase in glucose, due to glucose-induced H2O efflux from cells. Hyperkalemia may suggest adrenal insufficiency or hypoaldosteronism; increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine may suggest a renal cause. Urine electrolytes and osmolality are also critical tests in the initial evaluation of hyponatremia. In particular, a urine Na+ <20 meq/L is consistent with hypovolemic hyponatremia in the clinical absence of a “hypervolemic,” Na+-avid syndrome such as congestive heart failure (CHF) (Fig. 1-1). Urine osmolality <100 mosmol/kg is suggestive of polydipsia or, in rare cases, of decreased solute intake; urine osmolality >400 mosmol/kg suggests that AVP excess is playing a more dominant role, whereas intermediate values are more consistent with multifactorial pathophysiology (e.g., AVP excess with a component of polydipsia). Finally, in the right clinical setting, thyroid, adrenal, and pituitary function should also be tested.

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