Chapter 142: Chronic Kidney Disease and Uremia
EPIDEMIOLOGY
The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD), generally defined as a long-standing, irreversible impairment of kidney function, is substantially greater than the number of pts with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), now ≥500,000 in the United States. There is a spectrum of disease related to decrements in renal function; clinical and therapeutic issues differ greatly depending on whether the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) reduction is moderate (stage 3 CKD, 30–59 mL/min per 1.73 m2) (see Table 48-1), severe (stage 4 CKD, 15–29 mL/min per 1.73 m2), or “end-stage renal disease” (stage 5 CKD, <15 mL/min per 1.73 m2). Dialysis is usually required once GFR <10 mL/min per 1.73 m2. Common causes of CKD are outlined in Table 142-1.
Diabetic nephropathy |
Hypertensive nephropathya |
Glomerulonephritis |
Renovascular disease (ischemic nephropathy) |
Polycystic kidney disease |
Reflux nephropathy and other congenital renal diseases |
Interstitial nephritis, including analgesic nephropathy |
HIV-associated nephropathy |
Transplant allograft failure (“chronic rejection”) |
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